Consumer Buying Behaviour And The Decision Process

2.1 Introduction This chapter of the dissertation aims at providing an understanding into why consumers choose to shop either online or in store and it is important to understand consumer buying behaviours, motivations of shopping and the decision process by reviewing relevant literature and theories. This will enable the author to understand how each of these shopping platforms can satisfy consumer needs and their desires. The literature review will be divided into five sections: Retail marketing overview, motivations of shopping, online shopping behaviour, in store shopping behaviour and the consumer buying decision process. 2.2 Retail marketing overview Omar (1999) notes that it is vital for any organisation to know and understand their customers in order to achieve good retail marketing to which McGoldrick (2002) agrees with this as he states that understanding the consumer needs, motives and decision making processes are vital in the retail marketing strategy. With this information in mind it is now possible to look at the theory behind consumer behaviour and the different models and theories that have been developed to analyze this behaviour. 2.3 Online shopping behavior Evident from the research conducted it can be concluded that there are many different perceived attributes to online shopping. With the most important attributes being financial security, convenience and website design. Sejin (2012) states that the competition will continue to intensify forShow MoreRelatedPerceptions And Attitudes Of The Consumer Buying Process1000 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence his buying behavior. Customer possesses specific belief and attitude towards various products. Since such beliefs and attitudes make up brand image and affect consumer buying behavior therefore marketers are interested in them. Marketers can change the beliefs and attitudes of customers by launching special campaigns in this regard. 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Bananafish Essay Research Paper EssayInnocence LostThe world free essay sample

Bananafish Essay, Research Paper Essay: Artlessness Lost The universe of childhood is protected from many of the jobs of the universe. The grownup universe is mentally, physically, and socially an accommodation that can be really hard for some people. There is sometimes a reluctance to accept maturity. In # 8220 ; A Perfect Day for Bananafish, # 8221 ; every bit good as # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, # 8221 ; J.D. Salinger focuses non merely on the loss of artlessness with young person, but besides on events that have changed his characters everlastingly. Ironically, it is frequently the kids, apparently the perfect theoretical accounts of unworried life and idea, who make this loss most apparent. The chief character in Salinger # 8217 ; s narrative # 8220 ; A Perfect Day for Bananafish # 8221 ; is Seymour Glass. He is married to a adult female named Muriel, whose name both expressions and sounds like the word # 8220 ; material. # 8221 ; This could perchance typify that she, like her female parent, is shallow, fashion-conscious, and unwilling to learn German in order to read delicate, bored poets. In the narrative, Seymour and his married woman Muriel have gone to Florida for a holiday like the 1 they had before the war. Muriel # 8217 ; s parents are disquieted about her because of Seymour # 8217 ; s behaviour since his discharge from the armed forces. They believe he has gone brainsick, yet this is non rather the instance. Populating through the war has stripped Seymour of his # 8220 ; inner child. # 8221 ; The things he saw and experient were excessively atrocious to bury. Because of this, Seymour has lost his artlessness, and its presence was greatly missed. In the narrative, Seymour meets a small miss, four-year-old Sybil. One twenty-four hours at the beach Sybil asks her female parent, # 8220 ; Did you see more glass? # 8221 ; Her female parent becomes annoyed and Tells her to run off and drama. It was so that Sybil meets up with # 8220 ; see more glass # 8221 ; on the beach. There, Seymour is loath to take his beach robe because he wants to cover his # 8220 ; tattoos # 8221 ; ; to Seymour they were an # 8220 ; grownup # 8221 ; ornament. These tattoos couldn # 8217 ; t be seen, but they were felt. To Seymour, they were fanciful Markss of maturity, which he resented. Subsequently on the beach, Seymour tells Sybil, # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; ll see if we can catch a bananafish. # 8221 ; He tells the immature miss a narrative of fish who swim into holes filled with bananas. These bananafish so gorge themselves on the fruit and, excessively fat to swim out of the holes, dice of banana febrility. Like these bananafish, hypocrites of the universe are guilty of gorging themselves with nonmeaningful material objects until they become so superficial they are beyond hope of of all time achieving religious pureness. These people are knowing bananafishes. Seymour, like the bananafish, desires the artlessness, the childhood that was wrapped before him in a xanthous bundle. However, when Sybil admits she sees a bananafish with six bananas in its oral cavity, Seymour realizes that she is already on the way toward going a superficial bananafish. In a few old ages Sybil will be like her female parent, interested merely in how another adult female has her scarf tied. At the terminal of their play-time, Seymour all of a sudden picks up one of Sybil # 8217 ; s pess, busss the arch, and announces, # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; re traveling in now. # 8221 ; He returns to the hotel and gets into the lift with a immature adult female, whom he accuses of looking at his pess. The adult female denies his accusals, which angers Seymour even more. He so tells her, # 8220 ; If you want to look at my pess, say so, but don # 8217 ; t be a God-damned sneak about it. # 8221 ; Seymour # 8217 ; s arrested development upon his pess, which do non resemble the childlike pess that he desires to hold, and the adult female in the lift # 8217 ; s scorn towards Seymour # 8217 ; s accusals, drive him to dislike the grownup universe even more. Seymour is the bananafish who can non get away the hole and achieve the spiritualism and childlike features that he so desires. In his sentiment, Seymour believes that by perpetrating self-destruction, he will be given the opportunity that he wants and demands: to get down all over once more. Succeeding the incident in the lift, Seymour continues to his room where, # 8220 ; he went over and sat down on the unoccupied twin bed, looked at the miss, aimed the handgun, and fired a slug through his right temple. # 8221 ; This is an illustration of artlessness lost. When artlessness is lost, it is lost everlastingly. Seymour wants out of a universe that is excessively material. He no longer wanted to populate as an grownup. If childhood came to an terminal, so he decided, must maturity. Recognizing this, he fired the slug, deceasing of his ain desires. What # 8217 ; s gone is gone, what # 8217 ; s done is done. # 8220 ; # 8217 ; I was a nice miss, # 8217 ; she pleaded, # 8216 ; wasn # 8217 ; T I? # 8217 ; # 8221 ; This is another illustration of doomed artlessness. It is the sound of artlessness remembered, long after it has passed. In Salinger # 8217 ; s narrative, # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, # 8221 ; there is the same struggle between artlessness and maturity. The chief character, Eloise, closely resembles Muriel from # 8220 ; Bananafish. # 8221 ; She is shallow, selfish, and self-absorbed. Throughout the narrative, Eloise battles with her lost artlessness. In the beginning of the narrative, Mary Jane arrives at Eloise # 8217 ; s house. The two adult females are old roomies from college, and while sing, reminisce upon their old college yearss. The character of the adult females is shown through their shallow conversation, still dish the dirting like school misss, while imbibing and smoke coffin nails. Subsequently, the two adult females are interrupted by Ramona, Eloise # 8217 ; s immature girl. She is accompanied by Jimmy, her fanciful fellow. While Mary Jane seems to be amused by Ramona, there is a sense that Eloise is non affected or even interested. When Ramona asks to travel back out and play ( # 8220 ; because Jimmy left his blade outside # 8221 ; ) , Eloise answers, # 8220 ; Oh, him and his goddam blade. Well. Go in front. Put your arctics back on. # 8221 ; The adult females carry on, and Eloise convinces Mary Jane to name in ill so that she could remain longer. They begin to speak about Walt, an old love of Eloise # 8217 ; s who was killed in the military. Eloise tells Mary Jane a narrative about her and Walt: # 8220 ; Once I fell down # 8230 ; I fell and distorted my mortise joint. He said, # 8216 ; Poor Uncle Wiggily. # 8217 ; He meant my mortise joint. Poor old Uncle Wiggily, he called it # 8230 ; God, he was nice. # 8221 ; Eloise becomes really sentimental and calls to her friend Mary Jane. Eloise realized the flicker of young person that she lost with the decease of Walt, the adult male she genuinely loved, with aid from Ramona. Although Ramona is about blind, the oculus of her imaginativeness is broad unfastened, and she sees Jimmy, her unseeable fellow, rather clearly. Eloise is fond of Jimmy and Ramona # 8217 ; s make-believe most likely because they subconsciously remind her of the clip when she was happiest and still had the artlessness of her young person integral, the period during which she was in love with Walt. Walt, who complemented the kid within Eloise with his ain carefree absurdity, was the incarnation of Eloise # 8217 ; s artlessness. When he was killed, so was the kid in Eloise. She did non recognize this fact, nevertheless, until many old ages subsequently. Her artlessness had drifted off, unnoticed, until Eloise believed she had ever been the grownup she had come to be. It took a re-experiencing of the experience of Walt # 8217 ; s decease through Ramona and the decease of fanciful Jimmy to do her realize what had happened. When Jimmy was # 8220 ; run over, # 8221 ; Ramona rapidly replaced him with Mickey ( whose invisibility made him look equal to Jimmy through Eloise # 8217 ; s adult eyes ) . The choler she showed toward Ramona upon the debut of Mickey was genuinely anger she felt toward herself, who replaced Walt with Lew as if it didn # 8217 ; t affair, as if no unfairness had been committed. She had replaced her interior kid with an grownup and had neer been rather happy since. It was merely when she looked at her life through Ramona # 8217 ; s spectacless that she was able to mourn the loss of Walt, her artlessness, her ain Jimmy, the unseeable, the original, the unreplaceable. Although artlessness can neer be recovered once it is lost, there is still something left buttocks. Salinger # 8217 ; s narratives # 8220 ; A Perfect Day for Bananafish # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut # 8221 ; , do this quite clear. The narratives end after the loss of artlessness has been acknowledged. The reader, so, can make up ones mind what will go on to the character, merely as she is left with a pick about what to make with her ain maturity. We can take to travel out with a knock or allow the air current blow us where it will.

Sleep Essay Research Paper SleepPeaceful sleep is free essay sample

Sleep Essay, Research Paper Sleep Peaceful slumber is something that people have longed for since the beginning of clip. Animals sleep in order to rest there organic structures and heads, so that they do non decease of exhaustion. On the other manus, people use sleep as an flight from the emphasiss of life. Philip Sidney s Sonnet XXXIX is a first-class illustration of the utmost demand worlds have for slumber. He describes sleep as being a teasing topographic point or a topographic point for refreshment ( line 2 ) . Psychologically, to remain sane, everyone needs this topographic point for refreshment to interrupt the humdrum of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Peoples ever have and they ever will love to kip. For the most portion, when people go to bed they do non hold a attention in the universe. All they care about is traveling to there particular topographic point. Normally, sleep means all of the yearss undertakings are finished, and all of that individual s undertakings are finished. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Essay Research Paper SleepPeaceful sleep is or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The universe is a really feverish topographic point filled with a ton of people who do nil, but make others brainsick. These people make us crazy in love, loony with irritation, or even brainsick from beastliness. To me, when I see all the bad in the universe, I merely shut my eyes and utilize slumber as a topographic point to acquire off. While kiping a individual can populate another life that is perfect for them, and neer have any concerns or attentions. Or they could g O to another topographic point and experience thing they have neer done earlier. Sleep is a speedy and easy manner to alleviate 1s self from the jobs they might be confronting. Yes, sleep is an easy manner for one to rest and acquire off from all of the adversities of life. But is kiping all the clip psychologically healthy? I feel anything used in moderateness is a good thing, but some people say excessively much slumber is a mark of depression. Peoples need sleep to populate and work usually in mundane life. What if a individual sleeps excessively much? It could be a mark of depression, if a individual sleeps all twenty-four hours and all dark. They could be concealing from the outside universe. Alternatively of drug, a individual may utilize slumber to get by with all the bad things that are go oning to them in the universe. This is when sleep becomes unhealthy. One twenty-four hours a individual needs to wake up and confront the jobs they are holding and non run off from them. Runing off from 1s jobs neer solves anything. All it does is do more hurting and torment. Sleep can be seen from many different angles. Some may state it is a good thing, and some may state it is unhealthy. But to me, I enjoy sleep and the topographic points it takes me excessively. I love waking up from a deep slumber and experiencing wholly refreshed. So no affair what anyone says to me, kip will ever be my happy topographic point

Annabel Lee Analysis Essay Example

Annabel Lee Analysis Essay Example Annabel Lee Analysis Paper Annabel Lee Analysis Paper No one can get in between your feelings of love. Love can be described as one of the strongest forces known to man, and it is said to be capable of overcoming almost any obstacles. In the ballad style poem Enable Lee in which was both written and published by Edgar Allan Poe on October 9th of the year 1849, the poet openly describes his love and affection for the one and only Enable Lee. In this literary work of art, Edgar Allan Poe uses poetic devices such as imagery, symbolism, and repetition, to prove that love doesnt necessarily fade, even when a couple is separated by death. In the scholarly article which was published on April 25th, 2012 by an anonymous writer, the writer specifically tries to imply that the poem of Enable Lee written and published by Edgar Allan Poe, is strictly about a man who tries to reveal his obsession towards a women who in this case didnt gradually return his love. Although the poem may seem like your typical love story, many readers misinterpret this poem due to the fact that the poet describes his emotions towards the maiden sound quite more like an obsession rather than love itself. The poem gradually reveals stanza by Tanta that the poet or in this case, the unreliable narrator is not sane. Within each stanza the poet emphasizes more of his distorted reality, which allows us as readers to decipher the madness of him losing his lover was present all along. Most people that read the poem insist that the poet and Enable Lee loved with a love that was more than love. Although it may sound like an exaggeration, the narrator believes that this maiden lived with no other thought than to love and be loved by him. Since this is the poet who is making these declarations, we can draw a few conclusions based on his statements. Since the poet states that the maiden really did live with no other thought than to be loved and be loved by the poet; the maiden did not have these thoughts but the poet strongly declares that she did. In contrast, the readers who begin to question the reliability of the poet after the reading the remainder of the poem they must question the accuracy of his wildly stricken assertions. The poet constantly points out that their love was stronger than any force known to them and he eventually begins to claim that the angels of heaven are jealous of the love that is shared between Enable Lee and the orator. Such an assertion can be interpreted as either a fact or an opinion, as in how the poet has knowledge of the heavens that gives him access to the motivations of such divine beings. Or this can virtually be seen as an opinion coming from the poet himself as he states that the angels of heaven were jealous of the love that the lovers shared. When Enable Lee is declared dead in stanza 3, the poet adds two pieces of information to his poem. First, he reinforces the angels culpability by saying, this is the reason though he doesnt yet acknowledge that the angels are divine hit-men. The most ailing element of this stanza is that the poet reveals through his explanation that he is not in any way responsible for Enable Lees body or death. In fact the poets accusations about the angels being the divine hit men and killers of his maiden Enable Lee, left him declaring that they were incapable of accepting such pure love. The cause of Enable Lee according to the poet is that the wind came out of the clouds at night, eventually chilling and killing his Enable Lee. What makes that statement interesting is that it could be the most truthful and powerful line in the entire poem. See, Enable Lee couldve died from exposure to cold air; she could have developed pneumonia. There are probably many more possible methods of dying from exposure, but in this situation the poet connects the cold air killer and links it to the divine beings and identifies that the angels of heaven were the ons seeking to end Enables life. The poet IS understood to be in love with his maiden. His love for her is beyond anything that can be described. Now heres the twist to this whole love story. Towards the end of the poem the poet reveals that he spends his nights within his dead loves tomb at the side of her body. Many people will gradually believe that Poe was trying to create a disturbing poem revealing that the poem was obsessed with a woman who may not have returned his love. Poe wanted to capture this obsession when he wrote Enable Lee by portraying a creepy stalker willing to sneak into his dead lovers crypt because of his certainty that he wants to be with him even in death. So can this poem really be seen as a poem of true love? Or can one another agree that Poe was clearly obsessed with his maiden? I believe that Edgar Allen Poe was trying to create a poem that revealed his true emotions awards his maiden but his true emotions became virtually more of an obsession rather than love. As already noted the poem begins in a traditional form of a ballad. The speaker is talking in a calm tone and his language is very straightforward as well as having his poetic form tightly controlled. As his very first stanza moves into his fifth line, he begins to lose his control. Instead of sticking to his original ballad form, the speaker attaches two more line. The purpose of adding those 2 lines is seen as surprising, especially on the second reading of the poem. One might expect the poet to announce his love for the Aden early in the poem as he sets the scene and introduces characters; instead, this speaker tells the reader that this maiden she lived with no other though/ than to love and be loved by me. The exaggeration of no other thought could be seen as a form of having the poet talk about his own feelings, but to declare that another person adored oneself so fiercely sounds so desperate. The paranoia in the second through the fifth stanzas is very clear. After Enable Lee is declared dead, the speaker feels that angels, demons, ad kinsmen are all trying to keep him from his love. As well as that he poet believes that the angels had killed his maiden out of malice and that all men knew it. When Enable Lees high born kinsmen come to entomb her dead body, the poet believes is that they are taking her away from him. All this perhaps could be attributed to a normal phase Of grief at the death of a loved one, in which this case the death of a recent one has left a fresh wound. Enable Lee, however, died many and many a year ago. One might begin to wonder whether the speaker should be getting over the loss. Again, this instability on the part of the speaker is noticeable only on a second eating. Nothing he says in the first five stanzas is wrong enough to prepare the reader for some gruesome revelation in the sixth: that he in fact spends his nights lying beside Enable Lees dead body. Years after her death, she is still his darling, his life. In his poem Enable Lee, the narrator uses a lot of imagery to refer to the very last few moments as he reminisces about his beloved Enable Lee. He uses a setting in which he states is a kingdom by the sea. In that statement, we can logically assume that was the location in which the narrator had fallen in love with his maiden. He wants to let us know as readers that him and his Enable Lee had first fallen in love. It seems as if the speakers primary reason for telling his story is not to remind ice and enjoy again for a moment the pleasures of that great love that he shared with his maiden. Instead his purpose is to accuse those who tried to separate him from his Enable Lee and to tell them defiantly that their efforts did not work. Although her death occurred many and many a year ago their love has not ended. The narrator is still devoted to her, still dreams of her, still feels that their souls are united. He has remained true to her; in fact, he has literally never left her side. He says in the poems last lines that he spends every night lying next to her in her sepulcher by the sea. Now we understand that the narrator is deeply in love with his maiden, but to sleep with a dead person, that is not close to normal. As much as we want to believe that he is in love, the way he acts with his dead maiden sounds quite more of an obsession. Memories we all know can bring us joy but when love is involved we understand that it becomes more difficult for one to let go. But to sleep with a dead person, that sounds very absurd. The speaker is obsessed with how and why Enable died. He wants to know whom he can blame for it. At the same time, the themes Of death and love are tied together. The poem forces us to ask whether death is the end and has the power to kill love or whether, in fact love can triumph and continue after death. Maybe the speaker takes that idea a little more literally than he should, but thats his business. In a general way, we can all relate to the ideas of grief and loss and fate that come up when you talk about death. Imagery is used in this poem in the repeated phrase In his kingdom by the sea. The image this immediately gives is a castle that sits on a ledge overlooking the sea, which gives off a feeling of beauty and majestic romance, which adds to the feeling of love present throughout the poem. This also makes the poem a bit childlike, further supported by his claim that l was a child and she was a child. However, this in no way detracts from the love felt throughout the poem as this childlikeness is supposed to link us to fantasy the type of love that he felt he had with Enable Lee. As well as in this poem, the author Uses a lot Of repetition. The phrase Of the dutiful Enable Lee is repeated constantly throughout the poem. This figurative language portrays that Enable Lee is beautiful; however, the fact that it is repeated throughout the poem adds even more to this description as it shows that the speaker can find no faults in Enable Lee and only sees her as beautiful. The poem also eludes to the Bible through its mention of seraphs of heaven, angels, and demons. This is used to emphasize how tragic the loss of Enable was to the speaker as he blames it on the angels and relates them to demons down under the sea for their actions. This Eden relation of angels to demons is a huge degradation and insult to angels, showing just how outraged the speaker is at them. Last but not least, this poem consists of using symbolism. Of course, Enable Lee is a huge symbol by herself. Literally, this poem is talking about a girl named Enable Lee who had just died to a cold. However, Enable Lee is obviously a symbol for a loved one of the poet, Edgar Allan Poe, who passed away. Finally, the tomb mentioned in the last stanza is also symbol. Taken literally, it means that the speaker goes to her grave each day to lie down with her to show his eve and to be close to her. However, it can also be a symbol for the fact that the speaker is going to die soon and will finally be rejoined with his loved Enable Lee. The strange thing is that Edgar Allan Poe really did die the Same year that he wrote this poem. All 3 of these poetic devices used in this very poem reflect back to how his love for Enable Lee never changed even after she was killed. The way that the narrator is able to use symbols and repetition as well as imagery to express his love and true emotions for his lover, it gets the reader thinking that maybe it is impossible for anyone to get him to let go f his lover. Although Enable Lee is gone physically, her death ha not separated their love because the narrator still feels their souls connected. Regardless whether a person is physically there or if theyre not, the love that you have for them will never change. Therefore that is why I believe that no one can get in between your feelings of love.

Evaluating Design Choice and Threats to Validity in a Essay

Evaluating Design Choice and Threats to Validity in a Quasi-Experimental Design - Essay Example The present author selected the choice of quasi experimental design with the rationale of avoiding the need to have two different sample sizes to work with because that would have been time consuming and defeated the overall time frame set for the researcher for the given academic research. With the quasi experimental design however, all that the researcher needed to do was to use a comparison group, without the need to employing the use of an experimental group: a situation that would have brought about the need for a posttest at the end of the given study (Cheng, 2009). The choice of quasi experimental design brought about two major types of validity, which were external validity and internal validity. With reference to external validity, it could be said that because quasi experimental designs deal with real-world scenarios, it is often easier to guarantee external validity because the results of the researcher are often evidently clear for public scrutiny. The absence of random sampling however inhibits the general internal validity of the quasi experimental design (Sanigorski et al., 2008). The author was therefore not in a better position to critically explain the validity that existed because the use of comparison groups defeated the idea of internal validity of the research. Sanigorski, A. M., Bell, A. C., Kremer, P. J., Cuttler, R., & Swinburn, B. A. (2008). Reducing unhealthy weight gain in children through community capacity-building: Results of a quasiexperimental intervention program, Be Active Eat Well. International Journal of Obesity, 32,

Physician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized Essay

Physician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized - Essay Example Under such circumstances, some of these patients would decide to die rather than continue to live under these conditions. At this stage, in order to ease their ongoing pain, few of the patients request assistance from their physicians (Blank & Bonnicksen, 1994). The patients who ask for such favours do not fall into simple diagnostic categories. The spectrum of patients who has been asking for this favour is very wide and the range of physicians’ response is equivalent to nothing when compared. Yet each request can be compelling and their ongoing life is miserable. Few of the examples include a person who is suffering from AIDS from eight years and as a result, has lost his sight and also losing his memory; a mother with seven children suffering from ovarian cancer, who can no longer eat and has bedsores on her abdomen (Blank, Bonnicksen, 1994). These are the sort of cases for which the physician assisted suicide must become legal. Supportive argument Physician assisted suicid e is part of Euthanasia. In 1985, the Dutch Government Commission has defined this as the deliberate act in which the patient’s life is terminated on the request of the patient by a physician. The same government defines physician-assisted suicide as the act in which the patient takes the lethal drugs her or himself. According to the Oregon Death with Dignity Act 1994, physician-assisted suicide is defined as â€Å"the prescription of a lethal dose of medication for a person with a terminal illness (Dees, Dassen, Dekkers & Weel, 2010). In 1994, the state of Oregon, USA, has legalized the physician-assisted suicide. In this year, 0.12 % of the annual death rate was recorded by this process. In Belgium, when physician-assisted suicide was legalized in 2002, 0.3 % of the annual deaths were labelled under its title (Lachman, 2010). The above discussed statistics show that physician assisted suicide has not affected the overall death rate of the states. It can also be concluded t hat the process was used only in the dire situation for deserving patients. Other than this, in Physician Assisted suicide: Compassionate Liberation or Murder, Lachman (2010) states that the legalization of assisted death has shown significant improvements in the level of communication between the patient and the physicians and in palliative care training for the physicians. In order to reduce the influence of assisted suicide in the wrong direction, certain implications can be used such as raising the retirement age; this will help the older people to remain active for a longer period of time. This will also help the older people to continue with their contribution to the society and a fewer number of people will suffer from the long period of decline before death. Other than this, a considerable time must be given to the patient between the oral and the written request. In case, it is seen that the patient can turn down his request by the help of psychological counselling, it must be provided to him/her. Most importantly, the patient who is opting for physician assisted suicide must be the resident of the state. Any case from outside the state must not be catered. Due to such implications, it will be made sure that the suicide assistance is given only to the deserving patients. Counter argument At first, assisted suicide seems to be a

Behavioral Influences Essay Example for Free

Behavioral Influences Essay Expectancy theory is related to the motivation of the employees which is dependent upon the employees’ behavior and incentives given by the management. If the management is able to motivate its employees they will put in more effort while working, which means efficiency higher returns for the company. The three components of the expectancy theory are expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Vroom, 1964). All of these three variables are required if an employee needs to be motivated positively. The expectancy component is the belief that increase in efforts will accounts for better performance and vice versa. This means that a person is motivated if there is a positive relationship between efforts and performance given that he has proper training, resources and direction to perform the job. Expectancy is also affected by the confidence the employee has about on his capabilities. Valence component in the expectancy theory refers to the value people place on the expected outcome or rewards of their efforts. If a person is motivated mainly by money, he might not value free insurance given by the company. Valence is the intensity of the desire of a worker for extrinsic and intrinsic rewards such as promotion, fringe benefits, bonuses, overtime and satisfaction (Droar, 2003). Instrumentality, the third component of expectancy theory is the confidence on the higher authorities that if the performance is well, the desired or promised reward will be received (Vroom, 1964). Instrumentality will be affected by the trust in people who make decisions of the outcomes and degree of biasness of the process of getting an outcome. Therefore the theory tells us that the relationship between the effort and performance is positive, which means that increase in effort will enhance performance (Vroom, 1964). According to the theory the relationship between performance and rewards is also positive, which implies that better performance will result in more rewards. In the given scenario, Supervisor A’s employees are facing difficulty in coping up with the new production process. The main reason for this is that the employees are not being compensated for their work. Those who achieve their goals are not given enough compensation therefore they feel unmotivated. When employees are not motivated, they do not put in enough effort to achieve their goals and hence their performance is not fine. The employees who have mastered the production process are not worried about accomplishing their goals because they know that even with added effort if they attain their goals, the compensation they will get is not worth the effort. Other employees, who have not mastered it, are not putting in enough effort because they think they are not capable of doing so. Therefore there is a dire need for motivation of the employees who are under Supervisor A. The supervisor should find out what resources, training or management of employees is needed to motivate the employees; this is the expectancy component of the expectancy theory. The supervisor should also find out what do the employees value, their bonuses and salaries should be increased according to their performance; this is the valence part of the expectancy theory. Supervisor also has to make sure that the perception of the employees about their supervisor’s promises is correct, they should be compensated as promised; this is the instrumentality component. In the scenario, the employees’ salaries are not being increased as promised by the supervisor; their bonuses after withholding tax are very small. Thus if the supervisor is able to fill the gaps in all of these three components, he will be able to motivate the employees to increase effort and hence performance and the goals will be achieved. Task 2 The leadership style of Leader B is transactional, Leader C is transformational and Executive has a â€Å"Level 5† leadership style. Transactional leadership focuses on setting specific goals for each team member and encourage them to meet the agreed upon goals (Bryant, 2003). In the scenario it is given that Leader B establishes clear goals by clarifying role and task requirements and continually guiding subordinates in the direction of these goals, and therefore it is a characteristic of transactional leadership. In transactional leadership, the team members are awarded when they are able to achieve their goals on time and punished when agreed upon goals are not achieved or are not achieved on time (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B considers the team member to be personally at fault if the delegated task is not completed and issues punishments for failures. Transactional leadership recognizes accomplishments of individual subordinates and they are rewarded for achieving the objectives agreed upon (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B believes in a clear chain of commands and in rewarding good performance and recognizing employee accomplishments. Leader B also rewards subordinates for their successes. Leader B’s transactional leadership style has been justified now by including the examples from the given text. Transformational leadership depends more on personal relationship with subordinates and is supported by trust rather than committing to contracts (Jung Avolio, 1999). In the scenario it is given that Leader C tried to remember his team members’ birthdays and makes an effort to work with them as their coach instead of their manager. Transformational leadership also tries to satisfy its followers’ self-interest and encourages the followers to replace these interests with the interests of the team. In the scenario, Leader C encourages the group to surpass their own self-interest for the betterment of the organization. This type of leadership also focuses on organizational change through stress on new values and different vision of the future which transcends the status quo (Gellis, 2001). Leader C in the scenario also believes that the group can have great success when they are passionate and enthusiastic about a vision. Transformational leaders motivate its followers to achieve their goals through nurturing their individual skills and capabilities (Barbuto, 2005). Leader C in the scenario sets high hopes for subordinates, instills individualism of employees for the benefit of organization and takes a rational problem-solving approach. The Level 5 leadership is described as being hesitant and unruly, shy and fearless and modest with a stern commitment to high standards (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This type of leadership takes struggling organizations from being fine to great and produces other fine leaders within the organizations for future. The Level 5 leadership takes responsibility for the failures and accredits other leaders for accomplishments (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This leadership also establishes unique ideas, long-term vision and values for the organization. In the scenario, Executive A is clearly a level 5 leader as he shies away from attention and accredits others for achievements. He accepts responsibility for failures and poor results; and feels delighted to produce strong leadership within the organization. Therefore it is apparent that Executive A is a Level 5 leader as he took the struggling organization into hands and reshaped the stock prices and company profits into eye-catching ones and he also shares his long-term vision, ideas and values with other leaders of the company. When the Executive A retires and if Leader B is appointed as the CEO, then most of the employees in the organization will start working for their own interest as they will be held responsible for their failures and accomplishments and will be compensated accordingly. Supervision of the employees will become an integral part of managers’ routine as they may use organization’s resources for their personal interests. Transactional leadership is successful in stable organizations because it helps to improve control over employees and reinforces constructive administrative actions through rewards and punishments. Therefore Leader B may find his style appropriate in the organization. Transformational leadership maintains employees’ performance through loyalty to organization, trust in the leader and changes in values and standards of the organization. Leader C has this style of leadership, and if appointed the CEO, the employees will surely have higher motivation and self-confidence; they will get chances and supervision to improve their skills and capabilities. Through self-realization of employees and personal relationships with them, Leader C will be able to make them feel an integral part of the organization and increase their performance beyond expectations. Task 3 Individuals often take one of the bases of power in an organization in which they are employed. There are five bases of power which act as a source of organization; they will be discussed one by one. The first one is Position in Hierarchy (Woldring, 2001), that is the rank of the individual in an organization. The higher the individual’s place in the organizational rank structure, the greater the power he will have. In the given scenario, Employee 1 is using position in hierarchy as the source of his power. He has worked in the marketing department for 12 years and he frequently comes to the office on weekends or stays late to make sure smooth running of tasks. The second base of power is Referent Power (Woldring, 2001); this is the personal relation of an individual with others who are higher in the organizational hierarchy. It only exists if the individual can actually reference the authenticity of relationship so that it can act as a basis of power. Employee 2 has this power as he negotiated with his manager to work four days a week and is the only person who is allowed to have a shorter work week. Third type of power is Reward Power (Raven, 1959); individuals who have a greater degree of control over resources of organization, have greater power. Individuals even lower in the organizational hierarchy can have greater controller over resources of the organization (Woldring, 2001). This power is based on the ability to give valuable reward to others who perform well (Raven, 1959). In the scenario given, Employee 1 has this power as he is controlling the resources of his department to get the large bonus at the year end, and he will spend this bonus on his vacations. The fourth base of power is Demonstrated Expertise (Woldring, 2001); an individual who has an exceptional capability or special knowledge that no other has in the organization. Only having expertise is not sufficient, others should know about the importance of this person’s expertise and its value. Employee 2 has this power as he is the only company employee who can prepare financial statements. The fifth and final source of power is Personality Power or Coercive Power (Woldring, 2001); the perceived personality of the individual is the power here. If the person has strong interpersonal skills, charming and attractive personality, then he will be able to influence others to conform to his ideas or demands (Raven, 1959). This is the case with Employee 3, who has been in the organization for just a year, but because of his personality power, he was able to change entire department’s beliefs. Relationship between Bases of Power and Dependency: The Bases of Power use the concept of Dependency. An employee can only use its base of power on another employee if the other one is dependent on him. As Emerson (1962, p. 32) argues that â€Å"power resides implicitly in the other‘s dependency† and that â€Å"the power of A over B is equal to, and based upon, the dependence of B upon A†. Therefore if a person B is dependent of another person A, only then the power of A exists. The level of power of person A depends upon the degree of dependence of person B on person A and the alternatives available to person B. If there is no dependence then power over another person does not exists. The accounting manager in the given scenario is the person who is dependent upon Employee 2 because of the Expertise power of Employee 2. Employee 2 is the only person in the organization who can prepare the financial statements and so the manager is dependent upon him to prepare it. Employee 1 is dependent upon marketing manager for the award he wants, that is why he stays late in the office to make sure of the completion and accuracy of the work and he often come to office on weekends. Employee 3 was selected as the leader of the team working on new project; all others related to the project are dependent upon him because of his Coercive power. Task 4 The first problem with the company’s current evaluation form is that the rating scales in the form mostly focus on relationships with other employees and on the personality; it is more of a personality test rather than performance and skills evaluation. Instead of evaluating the neatness of the workplace, relationships with peers, attitude with others and friendliness, the questions should be more specific to the performance and quality of work. Performance factors such as knowledge, skills, abilities, quality and timeliness of work, efforts of the employee, works habits, supervisory factors, cooperation, adaptability and effectiveness of communication should be evaluated. The second concern in the evaluation form is that the rating scales are not specific and measurable. The scale being used is to rate an attribute is not numeric or scalar, high, low-medium, medium are being used to score against the attribute. A better approach of scoring will be to use a scale with numeric scale, the highest described as â€Å"Superior† and lowest as â€Å"Unsatisfactory†. Another option of â€Å"Not Applicable† should also be present with all attributes. The use of measurable scale will ease the work for evaluator and he will be able to rate the employee’s attributes more accurately. The third concern in the evaluation form is that the performance factors are not specific. When the manager had to give rating on the engineer’s attitudes, he had to take in to account the engineer’s attitudes towards his job and tasks that he is assigned to do and also his attitudes towards co-workers and manager. The factors should be more specific so that the evaluator can give the ratings to specific attribute and every attribute is taken into account. In the scenario, the manager gave engineer a low rating in the attitude factor although his attitude towards work was very serious and he completed his tasks in a very well manner. He got a low rating because of his poor attitude towards the peers and manager. The 360-degree approach to employee evaluation involves supervisor, peers, and subordinates into the evaluation of an individual. This approach has its own pros and cons. Many people participate in evaluating a person so it gives complete view of the performance of the person. The performance view is captured from the supervisor, peers and the subordinates, they respond as they see the person’s performance. It reduces the bias of the supervisor or the manager towards an employee. It the supervisor does not likes the attitude of appearance of the employee, and then he might rate the employee with a lower score. If the employee’s attitude with the supervisor is not favorable but the peers and subordinates like the attitude of the employee, then this can be captured in the evaluation process. Many people participate in the evaluation process, so the score becomes more reliable and more accurate. The supervisor may not have a personal relation with the employee and may not know him too well to rate his personality and attitude towards work. It is also possible that the employee have had some kind of incident with the supervisor in the past and since then the attitude towards the employee had become unfavorable. Then the supervisor would obviously rate him low in the performance factors. Most of the times in an organization, peers and co-workers know the employee better than the supervisor; so when the peers will evaluate the employee, they will be able to give the ratings more accurately and their ratings will be more reliable than any others. The attitude of a person towards his sub-ordinates is also very important, this attitude can be recorded when sub-ordinates will take part in the evaluation process of the employee. And then after the evaluation, the employee can leverage his strengths according to others’ perception of his performance and personality. So, 360-degree approach to performance evaluation helps in evaluating the employee from many views and in recording reliable and more accurate information then the traditional forms of evaluations and is not only helpful to the management to make important decisions but also is useful to the person being evaluated . There are some disadvantages too of including the supervisor, peers and subordinates in the evaluation process. One of the main disadvantages is that all the peers and subordinates may not like the personality of the employee being evaluated and may rate him very low based on his attitude and personality. The main purpose of evaluating an employee is to evaluate the performance and skills and attitude towards the work and tasks assigned to him. The co-workers and subordinates may have issues with employee being evaluated because of personality clash, and although his work is up to the mark and performance is well, but still the peers, supervisor and subordinates might give him low score on performance. There are a handful of employee performance evaluation methods; three of them are top-down, peer-to-peer and 360-degree. Top-down is the most commonly used in the organizations today. It involves the direct manager of the employee in the evaluation process and is only useful if the manager knows his employee well enough. Peer-to-peer entails the employees of the same levels to review each other. Nobody knows the capabilities and performance of an employee better than his peer or co-worker. While it can be effective method, it can also be very unsuccessful at times. If there is jealousy among the co-workers or if there is competition then it is obvious that they will not rate each others in a reliable manner. When there are multiple managers or multiple peers of an employee then these methods prove successful. The third method is 360-degree evaluation which takes into account the reviews of peers, subordinates and the managers or supervisors. In some organizations even suppliers and customers are involved in the evaluation process. While the advantage of multiple points of views is clear, it poses some threats also. Sometimes the subordinates may not give the true feedback of their managers because of the fear that manager will get to know about it. The following are the errors and biases that commonly affect the accuracy of performance evaluation. The first one is that the employees may favor the evaluation questions of their manager as they will fear that the manager will find out and so their review will not be true. The second is that the peers might not be mature enough or experienced enough to evaluate each other and they may form a cartel and rate each other well. The third example is that the manager does not the performance of his employee whom he is to evaluate because of no interaction with him, and he might just do the evaluation providing inaccurate information. In the given scenario, the evaluation form should be made more reliable and bias free and should be more oriented towards the performance of the employee rather than the friendliness and the attitude towards the co-workers. The scale used should be numeric with the highest being the best and lowest being the most poor. Customers, subordinates, and co-workers should also be included in the evaluation process to make it fairer. References Online Journal Iain, Ph. D. Hay. (2007 ). Transactional and Transformational Leaderships Compared. Leadership of Stability and leadership of vola tility, Volume 4, Issue 4. Retrieved 04 16, 2009, from Academic Leadership database. Website Organization/Website/Author name. (Year, Month Day). Title. 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